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| 英语考试阅读理解应试对策 | |||||
| 作者：engineersky 考试来源：本站原创 点击数： 更新时间：2005-4-8 | |||||
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从历从历年命题来看，阅读理解题的选材多为议论文和说明文，内容偏向社会和人文科学(包括心理学、社会学、语言学、经济学、政治学等)方面，考题提问的焦点也集中在考生的判断推理能力以及把握主旨的能力。从题干设计来看，综合归纳、判断推理以及细节转换理解题会更加突出。 从历阅读理解能力测试要求学生具备较强语言学习能力，它要求掌握所读材料的主旨大意以及用说明主旨的事实和细节；要求理解字面的含义，也理解深层的含义，包括作者的态度、意图等；要求理解某句某段的意义，并能把握文章的脉络，即句与句之间、段与段之间的关系 ，并能据此进行判断、推理和预测；要求学生根据材料所提供的信息结合常识正确判断生词和短语的含义。 二、解题步骤、应试技巧和方法 从历一般而言，许多同学习惯上先阅读文章，再阅读文章后面的题目，然后一一对照。这种步骤及方法对于那些议论性较强的文章比较适合，因为这类文章混淆选项的可能性较大，采用这种顺读顺解法不易出错。 但是，顺读顺解法中有一个弊端，即人的记忆可能遗忘，所以有时要回过头来再读一遍材料内容，费时费劲，尤其是解一些细节题，采用先看问题，再读材料的方法也许更为适宜。带着问题看材料，针对性大大提高，从而缩短应试时间。 从历诚然，各个考生都有适合于自己的学习方法，不宜生搬硬套，考生应根据自己的实际情况选择适合于自己的方法，并在平时多进行一些适应性练习。 具体到实际考试时还要注意文章的题材，如果是议论性较强的文章可以顺读， 如果是考察细节的题目最好是先看问题。实际训练中稍微注意一下卷面的外观， 就大致可以做出这一分类。 从历下面举例说明解答阅读理解题的方法与技巧。 [例一] The nobler and more perfect a thing is,the later and slower it is in arriving at maturity.A man reaches the maturity of his reasoning powers and mental faculties hardly before the age of twentyeight;a woman at eighteen. And then,too,in the case of woman, it is only reason of a sort—very niggard in its dimensions. That is why women remain children their whole life long; never seeing anything but what is quite close to them,cleaving to the present moment,taking appearance for reality,and preferring trifles to matters of the first importance.For it is by virtue of his reasoning faculty that a man does not live in the present only,like the brute, but looks about him and considers the past and the future;and this is the origin of prudence,as well as of that care and anxiety which so many people exhibit. Both the advantages and the disadvantages which this involves,are shared in by the woman to a smaller extent because of her weaker power of reasoning. She may ,in fact,be described as intellectually short-sighted,because her field of vision is narrow and does not reach to what is remote;so that things which are absent, or past, or to come, have much less effect upon women than upon men. This is the reason why women are more inclined to be extravagant,and sometimes carry their inclination to a length that borders upon madness.In their hearts,wo men think it is men's business to earn money and theirs to spend it—if possible during their husband's life,but at any rate,after his death.The very fact that their husband hands them over his earnings for purposes of housekeeping strengthens them in this belief. However many disadvantages all this may involve,there is at least this to be sai d in its favor:that the woman lives more in the present than the man, and that if the present is at all tolerable,she enjoys it more eagerly.This is the source of that cheerfulness which is peculiar to women,fitting her to amuse man in his hours of recreation,and,in case of need,to console him when he is borne down by the weight of his cares. 1.According to the author,the major difference between a man's and a woman intellect is that __________. 2.The cause of women's frivolity and cheerfulness is that ____________. 3.The author is probably a ___________ . 从历第一个问题实际上是考查对第一段的主要思想的概括，题目问的是男女智力上的主要区别在什么地方，问的是实质上的东西。选项A、C、显然停留在表面上，作者强调的是女人只活在现在，而男人考虑的不仅仅是现在，还有过去和将来，即选项B所概括的“男人看问题更全面”。需要注意的是，对于这类论说性质较明显的文章，在对文章的主旨进行提问时，只对某个事实进行复述的选项往往不是正确答案。 答案为 B. 从历第二个问题考细节，考查的是第三段中第二句话“This is the source of that cheerfulness which is peculiar to women”中的代词“this”指代的内容。上句中提到“ the woman lives more in the present than the man”,this 指代的即是这句话包含的 内容，由此可知C是正确选项。 从历第三个问题考查的是对整篇文章内容及行文风格的理解。比较容易排除的是选项D， 因为文章的内容与科技意识形态等没有关系。选项B中的“gossip”一词过于严重，因为 从作者的观点及论证过程来看，他是非常严肃和严密的。对于选项C，文中谈的泛泛的男人与女人的特点，至于作者是否是已婚男女在文中并没有体现，正确答案为A。 (阅读材料中的观点有一定性别歧视趋向，读者对此应持批判态度。当然男同胞也可以自己偷着自鸣得意...) [例二] One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bankissued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society" is not on the horizon—it's already here. While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellers too. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a wide range of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allows businessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and how fast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on by manufacturers for similar reasons. Computeranalyzed marketin g reports can help to decide which products to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keep track of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself. Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers.（这篇文章各段落篇幅比例很符合作文部分讲到的英式八股文，不过句子方面没有做得很好， 有待提高。） 1.According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to__________ . 2． From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that ____________ . 3．The phrase“ring up sales” most probably means“__________". 4． What is this passage mainly about？ 从历第一个问题测试考生对段落(第一段)内容的理解能力。第一段中作者首先讲了信用卡在美国的普及程度及使用面，由此而给信用卡的持有者所带来的方便。可见，所给的4个选择中 B．obtain more convenient services than other people do 最为切题。 从历第二个问题测试考生对段落中的某个句子的理解能力。第一段最后一句的意思是： 对于我们中的许多人来说不用现金付款的社会“不是在遥远的将来—— 这个社会已经来到了。可见，C. nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash (如今许多美国人不用现金 付款)表达了第一段最后一句的含义。 A．意为“将来所有美国人都将使用信用卡”，说得 太绝对，与所指句子的句意不符。 B．意为“今天信用卡主要在美国使用”与所指句子的意 思相悖。 D．意为“现在使用信用卡比以前更方便”，也不合所指句子的句意。故A、B、D 、均不能入选。 从历第三个问题测试考生根据上下文判断短语含义的能力。 ring up sales意为“把销售金额记入现金记录机”。作者认为，这是用于现金记录机的最基本功能。接着作者列举了 这种机器的各种其他的功能。故应选B。 从历第四个问题测试考生对文章大意的判析能力。本文共三段：第一段主要讲信用卡已在美国得到广泛使用并给使用者带来莫大方便；第二段叙述信用卡是以计算机技术为依托的，计算机 在现代商业中广泛使用，完成各种各样的任务；第三段讲述无数其他的商业企业受益于计算 机的使用。所以，全文的中心思想是讲计算机在各种商业行业中给人们带来的便利。由此可见，B. Conveniences brought about by computers in business最合题意。 [例三] Policymakers must,of course,respond to changes in society that reflect the needs and wishes of their constituents.In the United States,one vehicle which brings about important changes in domestic policies is the constitutional amendmen t.One of the greatest strengths of the U.S. Constitution has been its flexibilit y;it was written to accommodate change.But owing to the basic soundness of the original document and constant clarifications by the judiciary,relatively few a mendments have been added to the Constitution since it was adopted almost 200 years ago. The framers of the Constitution made the amendment process a long and difficult one.Those amendments which do survive the procedure usually involve hardfought issues that have been debated extensively in the U.S. Congress and in the stat e legislatures.Before an amendment becomes law,legislators must have expressed str ong arguments supporting its passage.Usually the amendment which does become a l aw has a great impact on the American citizen. The Constitution provides two methods of proposing an amendment.One is by vote of twothirds of the members present in both houses of Congress;the other is by a convention summoned by Congress at the request of the legislatures of twothirds of the states.Only the first of these methods has ever been used. One striking feature of the amendments that have been ratified,is that the majority—18 out of 26—are devoted to protecting or extending the rights of citizens.Most of the remaining amendments deal with the mechanics of government,either correcting flaws that became evident after the Constitution went into effect or changing some aspect of government to respond to changing perceptions of gove rnment's role. Thomas Jefferson,writing in 1816 about a proposed change in the constitution of the State of Virginia,epitomized the value of the amending process.His statement applies equally to the Constitution of the United States:“I am certainly not an advocate for frequent and untried changes in laws and constitutions.I think m oderate imperfections had better be borne with...But I know also,that laws and constitutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind.” 1.It can be inferred from the passage about the constitutional amendment s that _________. 从历第一题问的是“What can you infer from the passage...”(你从文中能推断出什么)，属推理型题。答案A将本文头两句并成一句：“Policy makers must,of course,respond to changes in society that reflect the needs and wishes of their constituents. In the United States,one vehicle which brings about important changes in domestic po licies is the constitutional amendment.”(制定政策的人必须对社会变化做出反应。这些变化反映了他们的选民的要求和愿望。在美国，使国内政策发生重大改变的一个重要途径 就是宪法修正案。) 从历第二题：注意一般引文都是作者要用它来说明自己的观点，通常与说这话的人无关。D显 然是离题了。另外，看引文的时候，一定要注意看它的上下文，即它的语境。这句话紧承前 两句：第一句话说的是Thomas Jefferson很好地概括了修改的重要性；第二句话说Jefferson的话同样适用于美国宪法。那么接下来就应该是修改美国宪法也是很重要的B，只是作者 没有明说，而是用Jefferson的原话作总结。 综上所述，六级考试的阅读理解题型可分为两类： (1)客观问题类型，即facts(或details)。像这类客观的问题，考生可以不必细读本文，用 略读的方法即能找到答案。 (2)主观问题类型。这类题型又可分为几个层次： 从历总之，阅读理解的测试点重在“理解”。要正确地理解原文，考生除了应掌握相当的词汇和英语语法知识外，还应充分调动自己的逻辑思维能力，这样在遇到自己不熟悉的词或主题时，也能很好地把握语境，从而达到理解的目的。另外，鉴于六级考题的题材比较广泛，考生在平时的训练中应注意一下各类题材文章的体裁和语言特点。具备了这类“常识”，对阅读理解也会很有帮助。阅读的质量和速度的提高依赖于考生平时的积累和训练。我们希望这里的分析与建议能对读者的阅读理解和应试能力的提高做出一点贡献。 三、考前应试准备中阅读理解能力的培养方法 阅读理解能力包括两个方面：理解的准确性和一定的阅读速度。 根据上述要求，考生在阅读的应试训练中应做到以下几点： 1．把握主旨： 从历每做一篇阅读理解练习，首先要看懂文章的第一句。 通常第一句或第二句是文章的主题句，它点出了文章的主旨。然后浏览每段的第一句和最后一句，以便了解全文的梗慨。 2．有的放矢： 从历针对题目要求，带着问题看每段文章，快速搜索题目要求的信息，并对所给选择项进行是非判断。 从历属于理解细节的题，注意选择项中哪一项与段落中所给的信息相对应，思慎行断，作出决择。 从历凡属对词语或句子内涵的理解题，应根据上下文进行推断。 从历凡属于综合归纳、逻辑推理的题，必须根据段落或文章的语篇意思去粗取精，去伪存真， 由此及彼、由表及里地思考判断。这类题往往涉及文章的主题、标题、作者的写作意图、作者对所论述事物的观点等等。 从历考生在阅读训练时必须思想集中，根据题目要求，利用学过的 语言知识，结合自己对有关方面的背景知识，搜索文章中的目标信息，在规定的时间内做完 全部题目。 3．精读为本、刻苦训练： 从历阅读能力的培养非一日之功。许多考生做了大量快速阅读练习，然后对照答案计算得分，却没有深入到文章内部的语言点和语篇结构。其实，单靠这样的快速阅读是很难提高阅读能力的。语言知识是阅读的物质基础，反复朗读理解是阅读 的必经之路。笔者建议考生，对读过的阅读材料应选择其阅读量的三分之一进行精读，不 但弄懂每个句子中词与词、分句与分句之间的修饰关系，而且要把难句译成汉语，反复推敲 ，深悟其意。此外，精读时要读一段并找出该段的主题句和讲出该段的主要内容，读完一篇 文章应能找出文章的主题句，并讲出文章的构思层次、上下文的逻辑关系及作者的风格，培养综合分析、归纳和推理的能力。考生必须每天保证半小时的朗读理解时间，做到边读边理解。同时要把精读材料中的积极词汇、短语、常用句型抄在小本上，利用空闲的分分秒秒时 间进行背记。没有这样的精读功底，快速阅读就成了无源之水、无本之木。快读也就成了瞎 读乱猜。考生务必记住，精读是培养阅读能力的基础，快读是培养迅速获取信息的手段。二者必须主次分明，但它们又是互相促进、相互依存且既对立又统一的阅读整体。 四、阅读理解中的长难句分析 从历词汇是基础、理解是关键。除了生词外，长难句尤是阅读中最大的难题。阅读理解能力 要求之一就是理解的准确性。为提高理解的准确性，我们将长难句分析单取出来作为一项训练，以期进一步提高大家的阅读能力。 翻译长句时，首先要弄清楚原文的句法结构，找出整个句子的中心内容及其多层意思，然后 分析几层意思之间的相互关系，再按照汉语特点和表达方式，正确译出原文的意思。 1.分析长难句主要有两个步骤。 (1)语法分析：即找出主句、从句，以及主、从句中的主要成分，然后再理清主从句之间的关系、连接它们的纽带及其修饰成分。 2.翻译长句的方法有顺译、倒译、重组等。 (1)顺译法：有些英语长句中所描绘的一系列动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排的， 也有些长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排的，这些都与汉语的表达一致，因此翻译时可按原文顺序译出。 (2)倒译法： 有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反。这时就必须从原 文后面译起，逆着原文顺序翻译。 英语中带有条件句的句子在译成中文时往往要将条件句放在句子开头。 (3)重组法：有些长句顺译或倒译都有困难，这时就应仔细推敲，或按时间先后，或按逻辑顺序，有顺有倒，将全句重新组合。 |
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